Description:– It is commonly known as Angina; is chest pain often due to Ischemia of the heart muscle , due in general to obstruction or spasm of the coronary Arteries.
The term derives from the Latin Angina (infection of the throat) and the Latin pectus (Chest) and can therefore, be translated as “a strangling feeling in the chest”
There is a weak relationship between severity of pain and degree of oxygen deprivation in the heart muscle
Classification:- the angina pectoris has classified under 2 category that is-
1) Stable Angina
2) Unstable Angina
1) Stable Angina:- Also known as effort Angina, this refers to the more common understanding of angina related to Myocardial Ischemia. Typicl presentation of stable angina is that of chest discomfort and associated symptions precipitated by some activity (running, walking, etc) with minimal or non existent symptoms at rest or with administration of sublingual nitroglycerin. Symptoms typically abate several minutes following cessation of precipitating activities and recur when activity resumes. In this way, stable angina may be thought of as being similar to intermittent claudication symptoms.
2) Unstable Angina(UA):- It is define ass angina pectoris that changes or worsens .
It has at least one of these 3 features:
a) It occur at rest, usually lasting 3-5 min. is severe and of new onset(i.e., within the prior 4-6 weeks)
b) It occur with a crescendo pattern(i.e., distinctly more severe prolonged or frequent than before)
c) It may occur unpredictably at rest, which may be a serious indicator of an impending heart attack.
The pathophysiology of UA is the reduction of coronary flow due to transient platelet aggregation on apparently normal endothelium, coronary artery spasms or coronary thrombosis
Cause:-
1). Major risk factors; > Age(> 55 year for men, > 65 for women)
> Cigarette smoking
> Diabetes mellitus
> Family history of premature cardiovascular disease
> Hypertension
– kidney disease
2) Other medical problems;
Profound Anemia, uncontrolled Hypertension, Hyperthyroidism and hypoxemia
Signs and symptoms:- Angina pectoris can be quite painful, but many patients with angina complain of chest discomport rather than actual pain
The discompert is usually described as:-
A pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing, burning, or choking sensation
– In this case , the BP and pulse rate increases
– Myocardial ischemia
– Autonomic Symptoms like nausea
– , vomiting, and pallor
Major risk factors Angina pectoris:-
1) Smoking,
2) Diabetes,
3) High cholesterol,
4) High BP,
5) Sedentary lifestyle and
6) Family history of premature heart diseases
Treatment:-
The most specific medicine to treat Angina is NITROGLYCERIN.
Balloon Angioplasty
Coronary bypass surgery
Beta blocker (atenolol,propranolol)
Calcium channel blockers (nifedipine,amlodipine)
