Category: IT BLOG

Expert System
Expert System, the foremost contributor of semantic software that discover, classifies and interprets text information, announced today the launch of “Cogito”, the company’s blog.
The name of the blog, “Cogito”, refers to the semantic platform developed by the company and is a reference to the Cartesian philosophy (Cogito, ergo sum, ‘I think, therefore I am’.). The objective of the blog is to inform and discuss the value semantic technologies can provide to any organization in mechanical meting out of information.
“We be the initial to enlarge software for bottomless semantic analysis of text” , “and I think it can be useful and interesting for everyone to learn about our practice. We will talk not only about technologies and products, but also about problems and solutions, successes, failures and false hopes. I’d like to contribute to the diffusion of a wider and more accurate culture on the subject, which today is very hot.”
“Semantics is gaining strategic importance for any business company. Strategy & Business Development, Expert System and contributor of the Cogito blog. “Expert System is currently one of the few companies in the world that has implemented semantic technologies based solutions for real companies. I imagine the Cogito blog as the ideal environment to exchange opinions with organizations who want to know more about the business value of this knowledge, and of course, also with analysts and bloggers interested in this exploit.”
Semantic technologies are used in more areas than ever. Native soil Security, Parma and Healthcare, Media and Publishing all rely on them. Enterprise Information organization and Customer Experience organization as well. But what’s in performance absent in the setting is that compute is attractive cognitive. More and more, thanks in large part to semantics, our applications will recognize situation. And as a result, they’re going to become more adaptive, more interactive, and more intelligent.

Expert System
Expert System, the foremost contributor of semantic software that discover, classifies and interprets text information, announced today the launch of “Cogito”, the company’s blog.
The name of the blog, “Cogito”, refers to the semantic platform developed by the company and is a reference to the Cartesian philosophy (Cogito, ergo sum, ‘I think, therefore I am’.). The objective of the blog is to inform and discuss the value semantic technologies can provide to any organization in mechanical meting out of information.
“We be the initial to enlarge software for bottomless semantic analysis of text” , “and I think it can be useful and interesting for everyone to learn about our practice. We will talk not only about technologies and products, but also about problems and solutions, successes, failures and false hopes. I’d like to contribute to the diffusion of a wider and more accurate culture on the subject, which today is very hot.”
“Semantics is gaining strategic importance for any business company. Strategy & Business Development, Expert System and contributor of the Cogito blog. “Expert System is currently one of the few companies in the world that has implemented semantic technologies based solutions for real companies. I imagine the Cogito blog as the ideal environment to exchange opinions with organizations who want to know more about the business value of this knowledge, and of course, also with analysts and bloggers interested in this exploit.”
Semantic technologies are used in more areas than ever. Native soil Security, Parma and Healthcare, Media and Publishing all rely on them. Enterprise Information organization and Customer Experience organization as well. But what’s in performance absent in the setting is that compute is attractive cognitive. More and more, thanks in large part to semantics, our applications will recognize situation. And as a result, they’re going to become more adaptive, more interactive, and more intelligent

Testing is a process used to help identify the appropriateness, wholeness and quality of developed computer software. Testing can never completely establish the correctness of computer software. There are many approaches to software testing, but effective testing of complex products is essentially a process of investigation, not merely a matter of creating and following rote procedure. Testing helps is verifying and validating if the Software is working as it is intended to be working. Things involve using Static and Dynamic methodologies to Test the application. Because of the shortcoming of its human designers and its own abstract, complex nature, software development must be accompanied by quality assurance activities. It is not unusual for developers to spend 45% of the total project time on testing. Software testing is a fundamental component of software quality assurance and represents a review of specification, design and coding.
STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle) is simply a testing phase in the SDLC development. Validation and Authentication is tried and tested in this phase. The only limitation of this cycle is that it is limited to respective individual phase and is carried out by a group of skilled testers and technology evangelistic. Testing is the one step in the software process that can be seen by the developer as destructive instead of constructive. Software engineers are typically constructive people and testing requires them to overcome preconceived concepts of correctness and deal with conflicts when errors are recognized.

Testing in the early hours in the life cycle reduces the errors. Test deliverables are associated with every phase of development. The goal of Software Tester is to find bugs, find them as early as possible, and make them sure they are fixed.

This can be difficult to determine. “When to stop testing” is one of the most difficult questions to a test engineer .Common factors in deciding when to stop.
Software testing accounts for a large percentage of effort in the software development process, but we have only recently begun to understand the subtleties of systematic planning, execution and control. For an IT organization, developing a software system that meets the business needs of clients is always a challenge. Software testing is a process without which the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) stands incomplete.

It is the process that identifies the correctness, completeness and quality of the software developed during the SDLC process. Software bugs and improperly tested codes cost millions in damages and millions more in time and money to fix the defect.

The two are very closely related. As we’ll see when we start looking at fuzzy logic, the basic connectives in fuzzy judgment are definite in about the same way as the parallel operation in probability theory.
The key difference is meaning.
There are two major schools of considerations in probability theory, and they all allocate a very dissimilar meaning to probability. I’m disappearing to greatly simplify, but the two schools are the frequent and the Bayesians.
First, present are the frequentists. To the frequentists, possibility is defined by trial. If you say that an occasion E has a chance of, say, 60%, what that means to the frequentists is that if you could replicate an research observe the happening or non-occurrence of E an endless number of times, then 60% of the time, E would have occur. That, in spin, is in use to indicate that the incident E has an intrinsic probability of 60%.
In fuzzy logic, we’re annoying to imprison the necessary possessions of indistinctness. If I say that a human whose height is 2.5 meters giant, that’s a accurate declaration. If I say that one more individual whose tallness is only 2 meters is tall, that’s still true – but it’s not as right as it be for the one 2.5 meter tall. I’m not axiom that in a repeatable testing, the first person would be tall more often than the moment.
And, in the other path: fuzzy sense isn’t largely functional for argument regarding fraction details. If you allowable second-order reason, you might have fuzzy meta-predicates that describe your faith about hard first-order predicates.
So probability theory doesn’t imprison the necessary property of sense (partial truth) which is the aim of fuzzy logic – and fuzzy logic doesn’t arrest the essential goods of connotation (partial knowledge) which is the goal of chance premise.

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a self governing network of mobile nodes connected through wireless links. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are infrastructure less networks, dynamically formed by an autonomous system of mobile nodes that are connected via wireless links. Each node in MANET operates not only as a host but also as a router that has the task to forward data. Mobile nodes only can communicate directly via wireless link if they are within each other’s radio range otherwise, they depends on intermediate nodes to forward packets. The success of communication highly depends upon the cooperation of other nodes.
In MANET, data delivery is a major challenge. Due to unpredicted movement of mobile nodes topology of the network changes frequently. The primary goal of any routing protocol is establishing an optimal and efficient route between the communicating nodes. the past few years, much research efforts have been focused on this area and many different kinds of routing protocols have been put forward in the literature, such as Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP), Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR), Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector protocol (AODV) and Location Aided Routing. However, from the beginning of its design, almost none of the routing protocols specify security measures.
To implement Security in MANETs is a complex issue. Nodes in the network are much more vulnerable to attacks compare to wired (traditional) networks due to the open medium, dynamically changing network topology, lack of centralized monitoring and management point, and lack of a clear line of defense. These factors have changed the battle field situations for the ad hoc wireless networks against the security threats. The ad hoc wireless networks the nodes communicate with each other on the basis of mutual trust without any a centralized administration. These characteristic makes ad hoc wireless networks more vulnerable to be exploited by an attacker inside the network. Wireless links also makes the ad hoc wireless networks more susceptible to attacks, which make it easier for the attacker to go inside the network and get access to the ongoing communication.

The word steganography comes from the Greek word Steganos, which mean covered or secret and graphy means writing or drawing. Therefore, steganography means, literally, covered writing. Steganography is the art and science of hiding information such that its presence cannot be detected and a communication is happening. Secret information is encoded in a manner such that the very existence of the information is concealed. Paired with existing communication methods, steganography can be used to carry out hidden exchanges. The main goal of steganography is to communicate securely in a completely undetectable manner and to avoid drawing suspicion to the transmission of a hidden data It is not to keep others from knowing the hidden information, but it is to keep others from thinking that the information even exists. The main goal or steganography is to communicate securely in a completely undetectable manner and to avoid drawing suspicion to the transmission of a hidden data]. During the process, characteristics of these methods are to change in the structure and features so as not to images, videos, sound files, and other computer files that contain perceptually irrelevant or redundant information can be used as “covers” or carriers to hide secret messages. After embedding a secret message into the cover-image, a so-called stego-image is obtained. The basic model of steganography consists of Carrier, Message, Embedding algorithm and Stego key. The model for steganography is shown in Figure 1. Carrier is also known as a cover-object, which embeds the message and serves to hide its presence.
Steganography Concept:
Although steganography is an ancient subject, the modern formulation of it is often given in terms of the prisoner’s problem proposed by Simmons, where two inmates wish to communicate in secret to hatch an escape plan. All of their communication passes through a warden who will throw them in solitary confinement should she suspect any covert communication. The warden, who is free to examine all communication exchanged between the inmates, can either be passive or active. A passive warden simply examines the communication to try and determine if it potentially contains secret information. If she suspects a communication to contain hidden information, a passive warden takes note of the detected covert communication, reports this to some outside party and lets the message through without blocking it. An active warden, on the other hand, will try to alter the communication with the suspected hidden information deliberately, in order to remove the information.

Previous week the HEAT-hosted summer educate on FHE and multi-linear map took place. On the final day we learned about in distinguish ability obfuscation from the eminent cryptographer Amit Sahai. The talk was allowed ‘Obfuscation: thrashing secret in Software’ and a synopsis is presented here.

Suppose you want to keep a secret, but some rival has in use more than your mind: whenever you think about the surreptitious, the enemy is clever to study it. While this Orwellian frightening is not realizable for us (at the moment!), in software this happen all the point. This is the primary question of obfuscation; i.e., Can we keep a secret from some adversary if all of the functionality is known? In distinguish ability obfuscation is an attempt to realize this.
However, rear in 2001, black pack obfuscation was optional and ruled out in the same paper, it cannot be achieve for all program. The author goes on to explain and define in-distinguish ability obfuscation (iO) — obfuscating two programs with the equal functionality so the agenda are computationally in tell between clever. Entertainingly, if P=NP then any trail can be obfuscated, and so iO cannot fabricate solidity itself.

This famous document was the first building of iO for NC1 circuit. The author explain a useful possible application: cripple ware. Suppose you are a software vendor and have written a program with lots of functionality, and you want to share out a check report of the software which is somewhat constrained In order to block out trial users from using happy for which they have not yet salaried, one possibility is for you to go through the rules and physically eliminate the block of system for which a full license should be required. In a huge agenda this incredibly rate- and time-inefficient. However, if in its place you purely confine the functionality of the customer boundary and release an obfuscated story of the agenda, this description will not have some functionality outside that which was planned.

Very lately, there have been many attack on multi-linear map, many of which rely on obtain top-level encodings of nil. Since in obfuscation the adversary not at all has admission to encodings of zero, it is resistant to these attacks.

Toolbars and Menus :
A menu displays a list of commands. A menu (or drop-down menu) is the way in which actions can be performed. Some of these commands have images next to them so you can quickly associate the command with the image. Most menus are located on the menu bar, which is the toolbar at the top of the screen.

Toolbars can contain buttons, menus, or a combination of both. A toolbar is just a collection of icons that provides a shortcut to using a drop-down menu. Toolbars offer quick shortcuts to commonly used commands and can be moved and repositioned.

Excel contains two main menu bars, over fifty pre-defined toolbars and over fifty pre-defined shortcut menus.

You can re-position any of the toolbars using the mouse and they can be docked to any side of the application window.

The menu bar contains commands that you can use to create, control, edit, delete, and format information in the Excel object:
1. File
2. Edit
3. View
4. Insert
5. Format
6. Tools
7. Data
8. Window
9. Help

The toolbar area also contains icons that correspond with specific commands. By default, the Standard toolbar and the Formatting toolbar are available when an Excel object is created:

To view the following toolbars, click View > Toolbars, and then click the toolbar that you want:

Toolbaar Decription
Standard Used to manage an Excel object.
Formatting Used to apply basic formatting in the Excel object.
Borders Used to design borders in the Excel object.
Charts Used to create and edit charts.
Control Toolbox
Drawing Used to add and manage controls such as list boxes, radio buttons etc.
Used to create and format drawings, and insert predefined shapes into the Excel object.

Exernal Data Used to import data into the Excel object from various external sources.
Important: Source data that is imported using External Data toolbar is not automatically refreshed by Cognos FSR. Best practice is to import data into an Excel object using the Load Data or Modify Data commands in the toolbar.
Forms Used to design forms with this toolbar.
Formulas Auditing Used to locate errors in formulas and display cell relationships. List Used to update and publish lists to a SharePoint site.
Picture Used to format and manage images that are in the Excel objec
Pivot Table Used to assist in creating and managing pivot tables.
Protection Used to password protect cells, worksheets, and workbooks.

Reviewing Used to track document changes in the Excel object.
Important: This is not the same as the Cognos FSR Audit Trail feature, which tracks every change made to an Excel
object by Cognos FSR users.
Customize Used to build a new toolbar and to edit an existing toolbar layout.

Software is just a collection of instructions which are usually in machine understandable code or in a language which is understood by computer that instructs a processor to execute any special task .While hardware is the part of a computer system.
Basically Computer software is intangible which means it cannot be touched while computer hardware is tangible. Computer Software is stored in computer’s memory.
The instruction or code which is written in a machine language is called “machine code”. Usually software is coded in a language which is easy to understand for human beings so that they can write code easily and can understand it. The language used to write code is known as “High level Programming language”. High level language is easy and efficient foe the programmer than machine language. These high level language is than complied and interpreted by compiler and interpreter which change the high level language to machine language .
Types of Computer Software
Computer Software is of two types that are Systems software and Application Software.
System software are made to make the computer work. It works like a base for computers to work. All type of operating systems is system software. System software includes the following Functions- Start of a computer (BOOTING), File management, Memory Management, Resource Management, Security Management etc. System Software also control the computer’s Hardware and it also recognize and install the new devices attracted to computer.
Applications software is the software which work or perform their work on system software. All the application software is ran on system software (Operating System). Application Software includes word processors, spreadsheets, and database management systems ETC.

Hacking….The one of best interesting topic for IT person. Exactly what is hacking?
In computer networking system, hacking is the technical effort of changing, modifying, manipulating the behavior of network connection and the connected Device. The person who goes for hacking has known as a Hacker.
Hacking done on the computer network by writing some programmatically, codes or we can say some scripts that will run automatically with attached program. Here I am going to describe some hacking techniques used for hacking.
1. Phishing
Phishing is the most popular method used by hackers for hacking the password of a person’s facebook ID and it is an easiest process of hacking Facebook ID password.
Phishing, the hacker creates a login page, which is look like original login page. After creating this fake login page hacker asks from the person whose password he\she wants to hack for login into the page. Once the person login into fake page the parson’s email id and password has saved in a text file, and than the hacker has succeeded in his\her task of getting password of that person.
2. Key logging
Key logging is also a easiest way of getting any persons password and important data. A Key logger is a small program, which has installed on the system of person. Once it has installed on the system, it will start recording all the data whatever person type on his system. The recorded data is send back to the hacker by using FTP or mailing information.
3. Stealer’s
Stealer’s as the name meaning go, is the process stealing data from the person’s system. Stealer’s are basically a software which is designed to steal the saved information (like password) from the person’s system.
4. Session Hijacking
Session Hijacking is more difficult than others are. In session, hijacking hacker used person’s browser cookies. Server for authentication of client person uses cookies. That means hacker steals the cookies and uses it for accessing person’s account on website. Session hijacking used in LAN and WIFI networks.