Category: SCIENCE BLOG

It is first coined by J.Fourier in 1827 is also called atmospheric effect, global warming or carbon dioxide problem. All the IR Radiations do not go to the space. In fact a portion of the radiation re-emitted from earth is not immediately radiated into space rather; it is absorbed by gases such as carbon dioxide that contributes to global warming.
The Green House Effect is a measure of the effect to which this absorption retains heat at the earth surface .Green house means that a building made of glass with heat and humidity regulated by plant.
A Green House is that body which allows the short wavelength incoming solar radiation to come in, but does not allow the long Wavelength outgoing terrestrial Infra Red radiation to escape.
Green House Effect is progressive, warming, up of the Earth’s surface due to blanketing effect of manmade Carbon Di Oxide in the atmosphere.
Green House Effect is the phenomenon due to which the Earth retains heat. Green House Effect means the excessive presence of Carbon Di Oxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Chloro Floro Carbon etc. Blocked in the IR radiation from the Earth surface to the atmosphere leading to an increase in temperature which in turn would make life difficult on earth.
Key Word: – Solar and Infra Red radiations, high and normal Carbon Di Oxide content at atmosphere, short and long Waves, light and heat energy, plants, earths, sun.
Control Measures of Green House Effect:-
Reducing the consumption of fossil fuels.
Depending more on none -conventional renewable source of energy such as solar wind nuclear and biogases energies.
Disposing Green House Carbons as they are formed elsewhere then in the atmosphere .

Mathematical models allow us to extrapolate from current information about the state and progress of an outbreak, to predict the future and, most importantly, to quantify the uncertainty in these predictions. Many sources of data are used in mathematical modeling, with some forms of model requiring vastly more data than others. However, a good estimation of the number of cases is vitally important. We stretch existing knowledge on model formulation and develop an enhanced mathematical model to study the pattern of spread of infectious diseases. The SIR model formalism was used to compartmentalize the population and the resulting model equations were solved numerically. The disease free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium of the system were established and analyzed for stability. A graph representation of the sub groups is presented and discussed based on the results from simulation.

In many countries of the developed World, infectious diseases of the childhood in particular have been generally conquered. This however, is far from being the case in developing countries, where they are responsible for 45% of all death. Coming down home, the data of infectious disease prepared by the Department of Health Planning and Research, Federal Ministry of Health at our disposal shows the same trend in Rivers State.
A mathematical model is a set of equations, which are the mathematical translation of hypothesis (or assumptions) when interpreting model prediction. It is thus important to bear in mind the underlying assumptions. An assumption, by our definition, is an unverified proposition, tentatively accepted to explain certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation.
Following analysis, modeling infectious diseases demands that we investigate whether the disease spread could attain a pandemic level or it could be wiped out. The equilibrium analysis helps to achieve this.

Fixed point theory occupies a prominent place in the study of metric spaces. One of the important questions that may arise in this connection is whether metric spaces really provide enough space for this theory or not. Recently, in Huang and Zhang (2007), the authors rather implied that the answer is no. Actually, they introduced the notion of cone metric space, and gave an example of a function which is a contraction in the category of cone metric spaces but not a contraction if considered over metric spaces and hence, by proving a fixed point theorem in cone metric spaces, ensured that this map must have a unique fixed point. After that a series of articles about cone metric spaces started to appear. Some of those articles dealt with fixed point theorems in those spaces, specially in complete ones, and others dealt with the structure of the spaces themselves.
On the other hand Cone metric spaces were introduced in Huang and Zhang (2007). The authors there described convergence in cone metric spaces, and introduced completeness. Then they proved some fixed point theorems of contractive mappings on cone metric spaces, where they also provided an example of a contractive mapping on a cone metric space with E = R2 and P = (x, y) ∈ R2: x, y ≥ 0. However this mapping is not contractive in the Euclidean metric space. Then recently, in (Ili and Rako, 2008; Abbas, and Jungck, 2008) some common fixed point theorems were proved for maps on cone metric spaces. In this paper we introduce some basic topological concepts and definitions in cone metric spaces. Actually, we prove that every cone metric space is a topological space. Then we generalize the concepts diametrical contractivity and asymptotical diametrical contractivity to cone metric spaces. Finally we obtain some fixed point theorems for such mappings. By this we generalize some results from Xu(2004) to cone metric spaces.

Herbs are those plants that are used either as a food or for treating diseases. There are several herbs that we use on daily basis in our kitchen which are very helpful to maintain a good health. Let me inform you some of them.

Ferula Asafoetida: It is the member of Apiaceae, commonly known as Hing, have very unpleasant smell but this oleo-resin gum is carminative, antispasmodic, stimulant, digestive, sedative, expectorant and diuretic. It is helpful in treating flatulent colic, dyspepsia, asthama, hysteria, and cholera.

Curcuma Longa: The member of family Zingiberaceae, commonly known as Haldi or turmeric. Its rhizome is aromatic, stimulant, anti-periodic, tonic, and carminative. It is given in diarrhoea, dropsy, jaundice, liver disorder, and urinary troubles. It is commonly used for cleaning foul ulcers. Fresh juice is used for many skin infections.

Zingiber Officinale: Member of family Zingiberaceae, commonly known as Adrak or Ginger. Its rhizome is used as stimulant, carminative, and flavouring agent. It is given in dyspepsia and flatulent colic. It makes valuable drugs for disorders of digestive systems, rheumatism, piles, pulmonary disease, dropsy etc.

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum: Member of family Lauraceae, commonly known as Dalchini or Cinnamon. Its bark is given in diarrhoea, nausea, gastric irritation, flatulence, vomiting, spasmodic affection of bowels, tooth ache, paralysis of tongue, and labour caused by defective utring contraction.

Cuminum Cyminum: Member of family Umbelliferae, commonly known as Zeera or Cumin. Its fruit is a good source of thymol. It is prescribed in dyspepsia, diarrhoea, and hoarseness of voice. The fruit is given with lime juice to pregnant women for checking nausea and for promoting secretion of milk, cumin seeds are given after child birth.

Foeniculum Vulgare: Member of family Umbelliferae, commonly known as Saunf or Fennel. Its fruit is sweet, laxative, stomachic, stimulant, aromatic, corrective of flatulence, appetizer, and carminative. It is used in curing burning sensation, fever, excessive thirst, dysentery, chest diseases, and headache.

What is dengue?
Dengue is a viral infection which is transmitted by biting of an infected female Aedes mosquito. There are four distinct serotypes of the dengue virus (DEN 1, DEN 2, DEN 3 and DEN 4). Symptoms appear in 3–14 days (average 4–7 days) after the infective bite. Dengue fever is a flu-like illness that affects infants, young children and adults.
There is no specific treatment for dengue fever. Severe dengue is a potentially lethal complication but early clinical diagnosis and careful clinical management by experienced physicians can save the life.
How severe dengue is in india?

Dengue was a serious epidemic only in 9 countries before 1970 but now it is endemic in more than 100 countries. Africa ,asia, latin America, united states and Europe…. Dengue has spread two fifth of the global population.
With 19,704 cases reported till September 6, the Dengue cases in the country have already doubled this year. In 2014, the number of dengue cases stood at 10,097, with 37 deaths, through the year. This year, however, 41 people had died.
With 1,259 cases reported so far, Delhi topped the list of cities with the most cases. However, Arunachal’s East Siang district with 1,618 cases (the state has reported 1,681 cases) was the district with highest number of cases, followed by Chittoor in Andhra Pradesh with 761 cases, Thiruvananthapuram (602 cases) and Kasargod (443 cases) in Kerala, respectively. Among cities, Bengaluru reported 1,139 cases, Greater Mumbai reported 306 cases and Kolkata saw 187 cases.The mosquito-borne sickness causes pain so agonising it is also known as “breakbone disease” and last year saw China’s worst outbreak in two decades, with more than 47,000 cases, almost all in Guangdong province
What is dengue mosquito net?
A team of scientists has been driving around a small island in Guaaid Xi Zhiyong of Michigan State University, who heads the ngzhou, southern China, releasing more than half a million mosquitoes from plastic pots on board trucks.this is one of several innovative attempts to tackle dengue fever by diluting the mosquito population with insects that don’t carry this disease..
Xi and his colleagues have worked on this.They released mosquitoes infected with wolbachia bacteria, which make the males sterile and limit the insects’ ability to carry dengue.
Last year’s outbreak has helped persuade residents to embrace the pilot scheme, as has Xi’s willingness to plunge his hand into mosquito pots to prove that the males they are releasing do not bite. And while the Chinese government has not approved the release of genetically modified creatures, it accepted this trial because wolbachia occurs naturally in many insects.
In the first phase, the team aims to reduce the mosquito population, as sterile males breed with wild females. In the second,very fewwolbachia-infected females were released to replace the wild, dengue-transmitting population.
More than half a million specially bred male mosquitoes are being released on an island in southern China every week to fight dengue fever.
The mosquitoes produced at a science park “factory” in Guangdong province can make their female mating partners infertile.
In such a way these Scientists have managed to reduce the number of mosquitoes in some areas of the island by more than 90 percent,
The mosquito “factory” was opened on July 17 and this factory can produce 10 million male mosquitoes every week that are infected with wolbachia, a bacteria that exists widely in many insects, including mosquitoes.
Research shows that eggs produced by mosquitoes that mated with wolbachia-infected male counterparts are infertile.
This will cause a decrease in the number of mosquitoes living in the wild after a certain period.
Between 500,000 and 600,000 mosquitoes are produced every week at the factory and released.
Male mosquitoes released on the island will survive for about two weeks, and their reproduction capacity reaches its peak within the first few days of release.
As a result, the male mosquitoes need to be released on the island continuously to suppress the numbers in the area.
The mosquitoes－only the female bites－are usually released in places with lush plantation, where they are most active.
Conclusion
A team of indian scientist has gone to china to research about this transgenic mosquito and if they found it harmless and effective ,than we may employ the same technique in india also to get rid of dengue.

Definition- AIDS (acquired immune-deficiency syndrome) is a virus borne communicable disease. This fatal disease is caused by HIV (human immuno deficiency virus). AIDS destroys the immune system of the body, due to which the patient becomes victim of many fatal infectious and systemic problems, which results in death.
AIDS AND PUBLIC HEALTH –
• This disease was first detected in USA in 1986 in Tamil Nadu. At present, there are lacks of HIV infected people in India.
• According to reports, maximum spread of infection of HIV is in Developing countries.
• Many social and health problems like: loss of young human resources, loss of immunity, social disorganization and social boycott etc. are occurring due to AIDS.
• Prostitutes are the main victims and carriers of AIDS.
• This disease is found maximum in sexually active people.
• AIDS affects men and women equally.

AIDS VIRUS- In beginning it was named human T Leukemia VIRUS 3 IN 1986, the international committee of taxonomy of virus has named it human immune deficiency virus.
INCUBATION PERIOD- Some months to 6 years or even more.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION –
 Weight loss.
 Fever for more than one month.
 Diarrhea for more than one month.
 Tumor in the skin.
 Enlargement of lymph glands.
 Continuous cough.
 Itching all over the body.
 Stammering difficulty in speech.
 Uncontrolled behavior.
 Night sweating.
 Repeated attacks of herpes zoster.

DIAGNOSIS TESTS-
 Identify HIV positive people- For this two tests are done: ELISA and western blot test.
 Virus isolation.
 Murex SUD-HIV-1Test.
 Total t-4 cells count.
SPREAD OF TEST-
• Sexual Transmission.
• Transmission by blood.
• Maternal-fetal transmission.

MANAGEMENT OF AIDS-
 To achieve zero level of infection.
 Blood protection.
 Health Education.
 Control of STD disease.
 Safe sexual relations.
 Use disposable syringe.

Definition : It is a chronic mental disorder in which disturbance of multiple high cortical function & characterizd by impairement of memory
It is disorder of brain deterioration involve a gradual loss of intectual ability & normal function
Etiology
1 degeneration brain disorder
Alzheimer disease
Parkinson disease
Huntington disease
2 vascular diseases
Stroke infarction
3 drugs
Bromide
Alcohol
4 brain pathology
Trauma
Viral infection
Chronic meningitis
Sign symptom

Recent memory loss: Difficulty completing familiar tasks – for example, making a drink or cooking a meal,
Problems communicate: difficulty with language by forget simple words or using the wrong ones.
Confusion : with time and place, person,
Problems with abstract thinking: for example, selling with money.
Misplace things: about including put them in the wrong places and forgetting doing this.
Mood changes – distinct those we all have, swinging quickly through a set of moods.
Personality changes – becoming irritable, suspicious or fearful,
Loss of initiative – performance less interest in starting something or going somewhere.

Type
1 Alzheimer dementia : it is most common form of both senile & pre senile dementia that chaterized by tangled clump & disintegration of nerve of cell of frantal & temporal lobe cerebral cortex it lead to memory lpses , confusion & physical mental deterioration
2 vascular dementia: it also known as multiple infraction dementia cause by minor stroke
It onset abrupt & worsens condition the relative area affect like intectual function decrease memory abstracts judgment & impulse control
3 Parkinson disease : it characterization by progressive deterioration of intellectual ability tremor mask like face appearance due to dopamine deficiency
Difference between dementia & delirium
DEMENTIA DELIRIUM
COMMON SIGNS Signs include forgetfulness and confusion disorientation. Signs include apparent quiet, sleepy and confused, or agitated and very distressed. Sleeping disturbed.
WHEN SIGNS APPEAR Slow change in mental state and behavior over months or years. Sudden change in mental state and behavior over hours or days.
THINKING AND ATTENTION They may frequently seem confused. Over time, the person’s thinking will not be reasonable or rational. As the disease worsens, they will not be capable to focus well. They will often not be able to talk with or know others clearly. In some cases, they may see or hear things that others can’t (hallucination). They will not be able to remember events that just happen, and lose memory of events in the past. They may not remember who people are, or where they are. They may not be familiar. They may be confused and unsettled. They may have trouble focusing and talking with others. It is likely that they will not be able to tell a health care supplier about their symptoms. They may see or hear things that other can’t (hallucinations). They may not be able to remember something that just happens.

Definition: – hydrocephalus is the abnormal accumulation of the CSF in the intracranial space. It occurs due to imbalance between production and absorption of CSF or due to obstruction of the CSF pathway. It results in dilatation of the cerebral ventricles and enlargement of the head.

Etiology: – it may occur due to congenital or acquired-
Congenital hydrocephalus-
Intrauterine infection, brain tumor obstruction, intracranial hemorrhage, malformation of arachnoid villi etc.
Acquired hydrocephalus-
Inflammation, trauma, neoplasm, hypervitaminosis A, connective tissue disorder, arterio-venous malformation etc.
Types: – there are mainly two types-
Communicating hydrocephalus:-
There is no blockage between ventricular system, the basal cisterns & the spinal subarachnoid space. There may be failure in the absorption of CSF or excessive production of CSF as in choroid plexus papiloma, pseudotumor, etc.
Non-communicating hydrocephalus:-
There is obstruction at any level in the ventricular system, commonly at the level of aqueduct or at foramina luschka and or magendie. The obstruction may be partial, intermittent or complete. It develops mainly due to inflammation and developmental obstructive lesions.
Pathophysiology:-
The ventricular system becomes greatly distended and dilated

Increase intaventricular pressure leads to thinning of cerebral cortex and cranial bones
Ependymal lining of ventricles is disrupted resulting in periventricular ooze

Sub-ependymal edema occurs edema occurs and white matter is compressed

Downward bulging of third ventricle compresses the optic nerves and hypophysis cerebri with dilation of sella turcica

Cortical atrophy may also occur

Clinical features:-
• Excessive enlargement of head
• Delayed closer of anterior fontanel
• Open sutures
• Increased intracranial pressure and alteration in muscle tone
• Delayed head holding in infants
• Protruding forehead
• Shiny scalp with prominent scalp vein
• Sun-set sign of eyes
• Cracked pot sign
• Increased head circumference
• Convulsions personality changes etc.
Diagnostic evaluation:-
• CT scan
• MRI
• USG
• Encephalography
• X-ray

MANAGEMENT:-
Directed Towards:-
a. Relief of hydrocephalus or reduce the intracranial pressure
b. Prevention or management of complications
c. Managing problems caused by the pathology
There are several types of shunts which performed in hydrocephalus:-
 Ventriculoatrial Shunt Placement
 Lumboperitoneal Shunt Placement
 Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Tap
 Ventriculopleural Shunt Placement
 Ventriculoatrial Shunt Placement
 Ventriculoureteric Shunt Placement

Definition: –
Spina bifida, which means “cleft spine,” is characterized by the incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord, and/or meninges.
Etiology: –
The exact cause of spina bifida remains a mystery. No one knows what disrupts complete closure of the neural tube, causing this malformation to develop. Suspect factors that cause spina bifida are multiple:-
• Genetic
• Nutritional – insufficient intake of folic acid—a common B vitamin—in the mother’s diet is a key factor in causing spina bifida and other neural tube defects. Prenatal vitamins typically contain folic acid as well as other vitamins.
• Environmental factors all play a role.
Types: –

Spina Bifida Occulta: –
Occulta is the mildest and most common form in which one or more vertebrae are malformed. It indicates that a layer of skin covers the malformation, or opening in the vertebrae. This form of spina bifida, present in 10-20 percent of the general population, rarely causes disability or symptoms.

Spina Bifida Cystica: –
Closed neural tube defects make up the second type of spina bifida.It also called as spina bifida cystic. This form consists of a diverse group of defects in which the spinal cord is marked by malformations of fat, bone, or meninges.
There are mainly two types: –
Meningocele: –
spinal fluid and meninges protrude through an abnormal vertebral opening; the malformation contains no neural elements and may or may not be covered by a layer of skin. Some individuals with meningocele may have few or no symptoms while others may experience such symptoms as complete paralysis with bladder and bowel dysfunction.
Myelomeningocele: – the fourth form, is the most severe and occurs when the spinal cord/neural elements are exposed through the opening in the spine. The impairment may be so severe that the affected individual is unable to walk and may have bladder and bowel dysfunction.
Management: –
Surgical management- Meningocele involves surgery to put the meninges back in place and close the opening in the vertebrae. Myelomeningocele also requires surgery, usually within 24 to 48 hours after birth.
Performing the surgery early can help minimize risk of infection that’s associated with the exposed nerves and may also help protect the spinal cord from additional trauma.
During the procedure, a neurosurgeon places the spinal cord and exposed tissue inside the baby’s body and covers them with muscle and skin. Sometimes a shunt to control hydrocephalus in the baby’s brain is placed during the operation on the spinal cord.
Treatment doesn’t end with the initial surgery, though. In babies with myelomeningocele, irreparable nerve damage has already occurred and ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team of surgeons, physicians and therapists is usually needed. Babies with myelomeningocele may need further care for a variety of complications.